Take and exhibit a photo of disappearing fertile farmland through open cut mines, or the melting glaciers, and you've more than offset your carbon through the impact of your photos. Oil prices will go up a lot eventually, likely before the environment is "ruined", or we'll due from some worldwide disease first anyhow. Then there's 3rd world countries where they dump their waste into the nearest river.
The problem is that the aerial photography to document the disappearance of the planet has been going on for years,it hardly needs repeating. I'll go out on a limb here and wager the carbon footprint of the naturally-occurring active volcano is hundreds of orders of magnitude greater than a puny man-made aircraft.
Be careful ColorBandit, the CO2 mafia is fierce an numerous! A totally unforgivable experiment with our precious atmosphere. Not to talk about that it is irreplaceable. We burn it one million times faster than it was produced. I say it again, one million times faster.
Not bad, for just one species. If that really means catastrophe, I have not the slightest idea. And I really think no one else either knows. But - it is a great risk taking.
With a high stake. BTW - glaciers melting prove nothing. We have had a warming even before we started burning fuel at high speed. I am personally more worried about our atmosphere than our glaciers and even flooding. The atmosphere is our main living environment. Do we damage it, we are in great trouble. So we should all live in a cave?
Relax, it'll be OK or we'll all die from a virus or some other thing will wipe us out anyhow. I'm referring to the original post Saves time and money too! Beautiful shots Ezra. Couldn't agree more with your intro. Thanks for taking the time to put this together, looking forward to the next addition.
Thank you for sharing your experiences with us! Nice photos and great article. Fİrst photo is my fav! Is it worth the hefty price tag? We take a look at the Cine, the high-end model in this series. The Nikon Z9 is the company's first camera to feature a stacked CMOS sensor, which brings a raft of new features, including blazing speed and autofocus performance to the Z lineup.
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Submit a News Tip! Reading mode: Light Dark. Login Register. Best cameras and lenses. Now reading: The good, the bad and the ugly of aerial photography - Part 1: Why shoot aerials? Published Jun 18, Erez Marom. After a few seconds I shook my head, picked my jaw up and went back to shooting.
The ground coverage of a photo depends on several factors, including the focal length of the lens, the platform altitude, and the format and size of the film. The focal length effectively controls the angular field of view of the lens similar to the concept of instantaneous field of view discussed in section 2. Typical focal lengths used are 90mm, mm, and most commonly, mm.
The longer the focal length, the smaller the area covered on the ground, but with greater detail i. The area covered also depends on the altitude of the platform. At high altitudes, a camera will "see" a larger area on the ground than at lower altitudes, but with reduced detail i.
Aerial photos can provide fine detail down to spatial resolutions of less than 50 cm. A photo's exact spatial resolution varies as a complex function of many factors which vary with each acquisition of data. Most aerial photographs are classified as either oblique or vertical , depending on the orientation of the camera relative to the ground during acquisition.
Oblique aerial photographs are taken with the camera pointed to the side of the aircraft. High oblique photographs usually include the horizon while low oblique photographs do not.
Oblique photographs can be useful for covering very large areas in a single image and for depicting terrain relief and scale. However, they are not widely used for mapping as distortions in scale from the foreground to the background preclude easy measurements of distance, area, and elevation. Vertical photographs taken with a single-lens frame camera is the most common use of aerial photography for remote sensing and mapping purposes.
These cameras are specifically built for capturing a rapid sequence of photographs while limiting geometric distortion. They are often linked with navigation systems onboard the aircraft platform, to allow for accurate geographic coordinates to be instantly assigned to each photograph.
Most camera systems also include mechanisms which compensate for the effect of the aircraft motion relative to the ground, in order to limit distortion as much as possible.
When obtaining vertical aerial photographs, the aircraft normally flies in a series of lines, each called a flight line. Photos are taken in rapid succession looking straight down at the ground, often with a percent overlap A between successive photos.
The overlap ensures total coverage along a flight line and also facilitates stereoscopic viewing. Anybody can learn how to interpret aerial photographs, and undergraduates in archaeology and geography will study them in the first year of their degree. It is usually at master's level that students will study aerial photographs in great quantity, and are often expected to produce academic reports or projects that utilise them in details that go beyond merely interpreting the content of the photograph.
Finally, they remain vital to cartographers in producing modern maps despite the prevalence of electronic methods and satellite imagery in compiling our maps today 1 , largely to take measurements when compiling those maps.
Aerial photographs are vital to any study of local environmental conditions and they are used in many different ways, depending on the type of photograph used, the angle the photographs are taken at, and the elevation of the vehicle used to take them. Aerial photography is - as it sounds - the process of taking photographs from the air, but there is more to it than simply using a light aircraft or helicopter and flying up to take photographs.
There are many elements to an aerial survey that must be considered to ensure that the data is useful enough to extrapolate whatever is being investigated.
It is often difficult to see elements of the landscape on the ground, features can easily be missed, and what might seem like an insignificant bump from ground level can become more significant in a wider context 2 ; some landscape types are difficult to access on foot so aerial photographs are vital to study and map them. They have been used as a method of landscape studies for over a century 3 , especially in archaeology and researchers have learnt much about the world around us; its applications today are broad and coupled with the growing technology of GIS geographic information systems , the potential means that the method will not become obsolete any time soon.
Aerial photographs are taken in two basic forms and both have different uses and applications: oblique and vertical. Even today in an age of high quality digital imaging, black and white images are preferred - partly because they are cheaper but also partly because the contrast of black, white and greys makes it easier to pick out features 7. These images are usually taken at an angle, typically 45 degrees but as they are often taken manually, they can be whatever angle gives the best view of the feature or landscape.
The oblique image is primarily used in archaeology to take a wider context of a feature and the area around it, and also to give depth. Nearly always taken at a much lower elevation than the vertical image and in few numbers, its application is fairly limited and often taken for a specific purpose 8.
There is a problem in perspective because the farther away a feature is, the smaller it will appear: nearer objects of comparable size appear larger than those that are farther away so it is often best to take a selection or to use a frame of reference on the ground for perspective purposes.
These images are taken from small fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters 3 and are perfectly suited for monitoring erosion of features and monuments throughout the year and over the course of many decades 4.
The time of year is vital and many see winter as the perfect season to take aerial photographs. There are many reasons for this, not least of all that it is easier to see features in fields that do not have crops and will not be ploughed for several more months.
Surviving features beneath the surface will often show up darker due to the shallower levels of soil. Snowy and frosty conditions perfectly emphasise ridges and features and they can be photographed with a clarity not seen at any other time of the year.
The low level to which the sun rises casts much longer shadows, making visibility of above ground features much easier to spot. The perfect example here is relict medieval ridge and furrow features 9. That's not to say that the warmer months and longer hours of light are not conducive to aerial photography.
If there are stone remains beneath a surface, crops will grow shallower as they cannot put down as much root and features will show up as crop marks.
Late evening conditions also cast longer shadows and the differing light levels between morning, afternoon and evening can add depth when comparing multiple images of the same feature s over the course of a day 9. Taking a photograph straight down over a landscape is the more familiar form of aerial photograph.
The physical size of the sensor may be expressed in inches or centimeters. The dimension or width of each individual pixel are usually expressed in micrometers, as each pixel on the sensor is extremely small. The sensors pixels sizes vary between cameras, but are typically between micrometers. The number of pixels a sensor has is sometimes referred to has camera resolution. For example, a camera may have a sensor with dimensions of x pixels.
That means that the rectangular grid of the sensor is made up of pixels wide and pixels tall, for a total 6 million pixels or 6 Megapixels. Calculating Distance and Area Distance and Length If the scale of an aerial photograph is known distances lengths and areas of features can easily be calculated. You simply measure the distance on the photo photo distance and multiply the distance by the scale factor.
Remember that scale is always equal to the ratio of the photo distance to the ground distance. Example: The scale of an aerial photograph is , In the photo you measure the length of a bridge to be 0. It is important to remember that area is measured in square units. To determine rectangular area it is length multiplied by width, so if you measure both and convert these distances remember that if you are multiplying them together the resulting units are squared. For example, if an area is meters by meters, it is 50, square meters.
Now if you wanted to change that number to square feet you wouldn't multiply by 3. Example: An aerial photograph has a scale of , On the photo, the length of a field is measured as 10 mm and the width 7mm. How big in Hectares is the field in real-life? As with calculating scale, there are multiple methods to determine the height of tall objects e.
The magnitude of the displacement in the image between the top and the bottom of an object is known as its relief displacement and is related to the height of the object and the distance of the object from the principal point.
This method can only be used if the object that is being measured is be far enough from the principal point to measure the displacement and the top and bottom of the object are visible in the photo. Example: The length of a a displaced building is measured at 2.
If the the flying height about the surface is m, what is the height of the building? If you can measure the length of a shadow and know the angle of the sun, the height of the object can be calculated using simple trigonometry. If you know when and where the aerial photo was taken you can determine the angle of the sun using the NOAA Solar Calculator.
When using this calculator you want to use the solar elevation angle El for your calculations. This is the angle of the sun at the time and location specified. Aerial Photography Introduction Aerial photography is one the earliest forms of remote sensing and is still one of the most widely used and cost effective methods of remote sensing.
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