Siddiqui points to depictions of Muhammad - drawn by Muslim artists - dating from the Mongol and Ottoman empires. In some of them, Muhammad's facial features are hidden - but it's clear it is him. She says the images were inspired by devotion: "The majority of people drew these pictures out of love and veneration, not intending idolatry. At what point then, did depictions of Muhammad become haram, or forbidden?
Many of the images of Muhammad which date from the s were intended only to be viewed privately, to avoid idolatry, says Christiane Gruber, associate professor of Islamic Art at Michigan University.
Such items included miniatures which showed characters from Islam. Gruber says the advent of mass-circulation print media in the 18th Century posed a challenge. The colonisation of some Muslim lands by European forces and ideas was also significant, she says.
The Islamic response was to emphasise how different their religion was to Christianity, with its history of public iconography, Gruber argues. Pictures of Muhammad started to disappear, and a new rhetoric against depictions emerged. He maintains that the effect of the Hadiths, with their injunctions against any images of living things, is automatically a prohibition on depictions of Muhammad.
Allah calligraphy. Islamic ornaments, sun shines through colorful glass and casts color in the interior. Shiraz,Iran - Koran, from Sura 3 Iran 13 - 14th Century. Prayer-Tile - Allah has testified that there is no God but Him; And the angels and the knowing, standing in righteousness, There is no God besides him, the mighty, the wise.
Religion, Islam, textbook, 18th Century. Abrahah retreated towards Yemen. Persian miniature. Topkapi Museum. Istanbul, Turkey. When Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded birds to destroy Yemenis' army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. His Light is like that of a niche where a lamp is found [ Mirhab and dome of the prayer hall. Original: Small images, Ingvild Flaskerud, Qum This picture represents the prophet Muhammad in the middle, with his veiled daughter Fatima on his left hand side, his cousin and son in law on his right hand side, and his two grandsons, Ali's og Fatima's sons, Hasan in green and Husayn in red.
Their names are written on the rosette to the left: starting from the top and reading clockwise: "Allah, Muhammad, Fatima, Husain, Hasan, Ali". The text in the middle is not readable. Behind Muhammad stands an angel, probably Djibril Gabriel with the Koran in his hands. Islamic art has therefore tended to be abstract or decorative. Shia Islamic tradition is far less strict on this ban. Reproductions of images of the Prophet, mainly produced in the 7th Century in Persia, can be found.
The Swedish artist sketched the Prophet Muhammad's head on a dog's body. Published in , the cartoon offended many Muslims. Vilks died, along with two police officers, when their car collided with a lorry.
The Swedish police say there is nothing to suggest that anyone else was involved. There were widespread protests across the Muslim world in after the Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, published 12 cartoons showing Muhammad, with an editorial criticising self-censorship. Many Muslims found the cartoons insulting and an expression of what they saw as a growing European hostility towards - and fear of - Muslims.
The portrayal of the Prophet and Muslims in general as terrorists was seen as particularly offensive.
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